Èñòîðèÿ ßïîíèè. Ìåæäó Êèòàåì è Òèõèì îêåàíîì.
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Ïîáîðíèêè ìèðà.
Àìåðèêàíñêàÿ îêêóïàöèÿ íà÷àëàñü 28 àâãóñòà 1945 ã. ïîä ïîëèòè÷åñêîé è âîåííîé ýãèäîé SCAP (Supreme Commander of Allied Powers, Âåðõîâíîãî êîìàíäîâàíèÿ ñîþçíûõ ñèë), ñîåäèíÿþùåãî âñå âèäû âëàñòè. ×åðåç äâà äíÿ, 30 àâãóñòà 1945 ã., ïðèáûë ãåíåðàë Ìàêàðòóð, ÷òîáû ðóêîâîäèòü ïîäïèñàíèåì äîêóìåíòà î êàïèòóëÿöèè ßïîíèè íà áîðòó «Ìèññóðè». Êëèøèðîâàííûå ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ îá ýòîì îñòàëèñü ó ëþäåé âî âñåì ìèðå: ìàëîðîñëûé èìïåðàòîð óíûëîãî è òùåäóøíîãî âèäà, ÷îïîðíûé è íàïðÿæåííûé, â êîñòþìå, êàêèå íîñÿò øâåéöàðû, ðÿäîì ñî ñâîèì ïîáåäèòåëåì — äîáðîäóøíûì è ñïîðòèâíûì ãèãàíòîì. Çà ýòèì óïðîùåííîé êàðòèíêîé, òî ïî÷òè òðàãè÷åñêîé, òî ÷óòü ëè íå ñìåøíîé, íà ñàìîì äåëå êðûëàñü èçîùðåííàÿ èãðà — ñëîæíûõ õîäîâ è ñòàâîê â íåé áóäåò ñòàíîâèòüñÿ âñå áîëüøå ñ êàæäûì ìåñÿöåì, êîãäà â Àçèè ñòàíóò ïðîèñõîäèòü íîâûå ñîáûòèÿ.
Áûëî ðåøåíî, ÷òî ÿïîíñêîå ïðàâèòåëüñòâî îñòàíåòñÿ íà ìåñòå, íî ïðè óñëîâèè, ÷òî áóäåò òî÷íî âûïîëíÿòü ïîëó÷åííûå ïðåäïèñàíèÿ. Åìó áûëî ïîðó÷åíî: ïðîâåñòè äåìèëèòàðèçàöèþ îáùåñòâà; î÷èñòèòü ðÿäû ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ ñëóæàùèõ îò íåæåëàòåëüíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ; ðàñïóñòèòü äçàéáàöó — ýòè îãðîìíûå òðåñòû, âûêà÷àâøèå ìíîãî äåíåã çà ñ÷åò âîåííîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè è îáâèíÿâøèåñÿ â òîì, ÷òî îíè èçî âñåõ ñèë ðàçæèãàëè âîîðóæåííûå êîíôëèêòû; óïðàçäíèòü ïîëèöèþ, íàäçèðàâøóþ çà îáùåñòâåííûì ìíåíèåì; ïðîâåñòè àãðàðíóþ ðåôîðìó; ïðèíÿòü çàêîí î ïðîôñîþçàõ.
Áîëüøîé òàëàíò ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ äåÿòåëåé ßïîíèè, íà êîòîðûõ áûëî âîçëîæåíî ïðîâåäåíèå ýòèõ ðåôîðì, ïðîÿâèëñÿ â òîì, ÷òî îíè ñðàçó ïîíÿëè, íàñêîëüêî ýòà îïåêà îçäîðîâëÿåò ãîñóäàðñòâî è ÷òî îíà ñîâåðøåííî íåñîâìåñòèìà ñ ïðåäñòàâëåíèåì îá ýêñïàíñèè, ê êîòîðîé ïðàâèòåëüñòâî ñòðåìèëîñü ñ íà÷àëà XX â.
ßïîíñêîé Àçèè, ñîñòîÿâøåé èç òðåõ êðóãîâ: àðõèïåëàã â öåíòðå, ïîòîì åãî áëèæàéøèå ñîñåäè (Êèòàé, Òàéâàíü, Êîðåÿ) è, íàêîíåö, òðåòèé êðóã (Èíäîíåçèÿ, Ôèëèïïèíû), — ýòîé ñàìîé Àçèè ïðåäñòîÿëî äàæå óïðî÷èòüñÿ. Ïåðèôåðèéíàÿ çîíà äîëæíà áûëà ïîñòàâëÿòü ñûðüå, òî åñòü ïîëåçíûå èñêîïàåìûå è ïðîäóêöèþ ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà, â äâà äðóãèõ êðóãà äëÿ ïðîìûøëåííîé îáðàáîòêè è äëÿ âûïóñêà ãîòîâîé ïðîäóêöèè.
Áóäóùåå ïîäòâåðäèëî, ÷òî ÿïîíöû ïðàâèëüíî èñïîëüçîâàëè ñâîå ïîðàæåíèå: ýòà ñõåìà èç òðåõ êðóãîâ îòðàçèëà ñòàíîâëåíèå Âîñòî÷íîé Àçèè âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå XX â. Òåì íå ìåíåå æèòåëè àðõèïåëàãà îòíûíå â êîðíå ïåðåñìîòðåëè ñâîè ïîçèöèè. Òàêèå ïåðåìåíû íèêîãäà èõ íå ïóãàëè: ÷åðåç íåñêîëüêî íåäåëü ïîñëå Áîìáû ÿïîíöû ïðîâîçãëàñèëè, ÷òî íàâñåãäà ñòàíóò ïîáîðíèêàìè ìèðà. Ñ òåõ ïîð ïðîøëî ïîëâåêà, è îíè âñå åùå äåðæàò ñâîå ñëîâî.
Õðîíîëîãè÷åñêèå îðèåíòèðû |
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1946: Îáíàðîäîâàíèå íîâîé êîíñòèòóöèè. Àðìèÿ ðàñïóùåíà, ñêëàäû áîåâîãî èìóùåñòâà óíè÷òîæåíû, êðåïîñòè è àðñåíàëû ñíåñåíû. |
1946–1948 (3 ìàÿ-12 íîÿáðÿ): Òîêèéñêèé òðèáóíàë (Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé âîåííûé òðèáóíàë äëÿ Äàëüíåãî Âîñòîêà) ñóäèò 5 òûñÿ÷ îáâèíÿåìûõ. Îí âûíîñèò 990 ñìåðòíûõ ïðèãîâîðîâ. |
1946–1949: Ðàçäðîáëåíèå äçàéáàöó (ïðîìûøëåííûõ êîìáèíàòîâ). |
1947: Îáíàðîäîâàíèå îñíîâíîãî çàêîíà îá îáðàçîâàíèè, îðãàíèçàöèÿ óíèâåðñèòåòñêîãî êóðñà ïî àìåðèêàíñêîìó îáðàçöó; ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêàÿ äåöåíòðàëèçàöèÿ. |
1947 (8 îêòÿáðÿ): Ïàðëàìåíò ïðèíèìàåò íîâóþ êîíñòèòóöèþ. |
1948: Áîëüøàÿ çàáàñòîâêà ÿïîíñêèõ æåëåçíîäîðîæíèêîâ; Ìàêàðòóð, ñíà÷àëà ïîîùðÿâøèé âîçðîæäåíèå êîììóíèñòè÷åñêîé ïàðòèè ßïîíèè, òåïåðü âûñòóïàåò ïðîòèâ íåå. |
1950: Íà÷àëî âîéíû â Êîðåå. ßïîíèÿ ñòàíîâèòñÿ íåîáõîäèìîé îïîðîé äëÿ ñâîåãî àìåðèêàíñêîãî âðàãà-ñîþçíèêà è äåëàåò îêîí÷àòåëüíûé âûáîð — âõîäèò â ñôåðó ëèáåðàëüíûõ îáùåñòâ. Îñíîâàíèå «Àññîöèàöèè ÿïîíñêèõ ñòóäåíòîâ» (Äçýíãàêóðýí). Îñíîâàíèå êîìèññèè ïî îõðàíå êóëüòóðíûõ öåííîñòåé (Áóíêàäçàé). |
1951 (8 ñåíòÿáðÿ): Ñàí-Ôðàíöèññêèé ìèðíûé äîãîâîð (êîòîðûé íå ïîäïèñàëè ÑÑÑÐ, Èíäèÿ è Êèòàé) è Ïàêò áåçîïàñíîñòè; ßïîíèÿ îñòàåòñÿ ýëåìåíòîì àìåðèêàíñêîé îáîðîíèòåëüíîé ñèñòåìû. Êîíåö àìåðèêàíñêîé îêêóïàöèè. |
1951–1953 (23 äåêàáðÿ): Àãðàðíàÿ ðåôîðìà: äðîáëåíèå çåìåëüíîé ñîáñòâåííîñòè, ïðèîáðåòåíèå çåìåëü ôåðìåðàìè. |
1953 (èþíü): Êîðîíàöèÿ êîðîëåâû Àíãëèè. Ïðèíö Àêèõèòî ïîñåùàåò Åâðîïó. |
1954 (26 ñåíòÿáðÿ — 17 íîÿáðÿ): Ïðåìüåð-ìèíèñòð ¨ñèäà Ñèãýðó åäåò íà Çàïàä. |
1956: ßïîíèÿ âñòóïàåò â ÎÎÍ. |
1961: Àãðàðíàÿ ðåôîðìà. |
1964: Îëèìïèéñêèå èãðû â Òîêèî. Êîììóíèñòè÷åñêàÿ ïàðòèÿ ßïîíèè ðàçðûâàåò îòíîøåíèÿ ñ Êîììóíèñòè÷åñêîé ïàðòèåé Ñîâåòñêîãî Ñîþçà. |
1967: Êîììóíèñòè÷åñêàÿ ïàðòèÿ ßïîíèè ðàçðûâàåò îòíîøåíèÿ ñ Êîììóíèñòè÷åñêîé ïàðòèåé Êèòàÿ. |
1968 (èþíü): Ñîçäàíèå âåäîìñòâà ïî êóëüòóðå. |
1970: Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ âûñòàâêà â Îñàêå. |
1971 (îêòÿáðü): Ïðèíÿòèå Êèòàéñêîé Íàðîäíîé Ðåñïóáëèêè â ÎÎÍ. |
1972 (ôåâðàëü): ÑØÀ óñòàíàâëèâàþò îòíîøåíèÿ ñ Êèòàéñêîé Íàðîäíîé Ðåñïóáëèêîé. |
1972: ßïîíèÿ âîçâðàùàåò ñåáå Îêèíàâó. |
1973: Ïåðâûé íåôòÿíîé êðèçèñ. |
1976: Ýêîíîìèêà âîññòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ áëàãîäàðÿ ýêñïîðòó; îñíîâíàÿ ïîëèòè÷åñêàÿ ïàðòèÿ — Äçèìèíòî (Ëèáåðàëüíî-äåìîêðàòè÷åñêàÿ ïàðòèÿ). Ê îïïîçèöèîííûì ïàðòèÿì îòíîñÿòñÿ Ìèíñÿòî (ïàðòèÿ äåìîêðàòè÷åñêîãî ñîöèàëèçìà, ñ 1960 ã.) è Êîìýéòî (êîììóíèñòè÷åñêàÿ ïàðòèÿ, ñ 1964 ã.; ïîëüçóåòñÿ ïîääåðæêîé «Ñîêà Ãàêêàé»). Íî Êîììóíèñòè÷åñêàÿ ïàðòèÿ ßïîíèè îòâåðãàåò ïðèíöèï äèêòàòóðû ïðîëåòàðèàòà. |
1978 (12 àâãóñòà): ßïîíèÿ ïîäïèñûâàåò ìèð ñ Êèòàåì; Äýí Ñÿîïèí íàíîñèò âèçèò èìïåðàòîðó ßïîíèè. |
1980: Òîðãîâûé áàëàíñ ïåðåñòàåò áûòü äåôèöèòíûì. Íàñåëåíèå ßïîíèè ñîñòàâëÿåò 117 ìèëëèîíîâ ÷åëîâåê. |
1985: Âûñòàâêà «Íàóêà è òåõíîëîãèÿ íà ñëóæáå ÷åëîâåêó» â Öóêóáå. |
1987: Ïðèâàòèçàöèÿ ÿïîíñêèõ æåëåçíûõ äîðîã. |
1989: Ñìåðòü èìïåðàòîðà Ñåâà (Õèðîõèòî); íà÷àëî öàðñòâîâàíèÿ èìïåðàòîðà Õýéñýé (Àêèõèòî). |
1992: Èìïåðàòîð ßïîíèè âïåðâûå â èñòîðèè ñâîåé ñòðàíû îòïðàâëÿåòñÿ â Êèòàé. |
1995: Ñèëüíîå çåìëåòðÿñåíèå â Êîáå. |
1997: Ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé ñïàä. |
1998: Ôèíàíñîâûé êðèçèñ. |
2000: Ïðåäñòîÿò ïàðëàìåíòñêèå âûáîðû. |
ÁÈÁËÈÎÃÐÀÔÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÈÑÒÎ×ÍÈÊÈ.
Êàê èçâåñòíî êàæäîìó, ëþáîé èñòîðè÷åñêèé îáçîð, äàæå ïî âèäèìîñòè ïðîñòîé, ñîçäàåòñÿ íà îñíîâå î÷åíü ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ ðàáîò, ïðèíàäëåæàùèõ ê ðàçíûì ýïîõàì è íàïèñàííûõ ñ ðàçíûõ òî÷åê çðåíèÿ, — ýòè ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ íàäî ãîäàìè ÷èòàòü, ïåðå÷èòûâàòü è óñâàèâàòü. Îäíàêî ýòè èññëåäîâàíèÿ â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ óæå îòðåöåíçèðîâàíû âî ìíîãèõ áèáëèîãðàôèÿõ; âîò ïî÷åìó ìû ïðåäïî÷ëè íà ïîñëåäóþùèõ ñòðàíèöàõ óïîìÿíóòü òîëüêî òðóäû, âûøåäøèå çà ïîñëåäíèå äåñÿòü ëåò, — ñäåëàâ îñîáûé óïîð íà êíèãàõ, èçäàííûõ ìåíåå ïÿòè ëåò íàçàä. Òàêæå óòî÷íèì, ÷òî ÿïîíñêèå èçäàíèÿ íå ïðèâîäÿòñÿ, ïîòîìó ÷òî äàííàÿ êíèãà àäðåñîâàíà ïðåæäå âñåãî ïóáëèêå, ìàëî çíàêîìîé ñ ðåàëèÿìè è ÿçûêîì ßïîíèè.
Îäíà èç âûøåóïîìÿíóòûõ áèáëèîãðàôèé ïðåäñòàâëÿåòñÿ îñîáî óäîáíîé è ïðåäíàçíà÷åíà äëÿ øèðîêîãî êðóãà ÷èòàòåëåé; îíà ïðèâåäåíà â èçäàíèè: L'Etat'du Japon. Sous la direction de Jean-François Sabouret. Paris: Éd. la Découverte, 1995. 455 p. Âïðî÷åì, æóðíàë «Äàðóìà» (Daruma: revue internationale d'études japonaises. Aries: Philippe Picquier; Toulouse: Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail, Département de japonais) â êàæäîì íîìåðå (íà ôðàíöóçñêîì, íî ïðè ó÷àñòèè êàê ÿïîíñêèõ, òàê è çàïàäíûõ àâòîðîâ) äàåò îáçîð îñíîâíûõ íàïðàâëåíèé ñîâðåìåííûõ èññëåäîâàíèé â ñôåðå èñòîðèè ßïîíèè.
Íàêîíåö, íåîáõîäèìûé ïðîìåæóòî÷íûé ýòàï äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ áîëåå óãëóáëåííûõ çíàíèé ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé èçäàíèå, êîòîðîå ïðîäîëæàåòñÿ äàâíî è âñêîðå äîëæíî çàâåðøèòüñÿ: Dictionnaire historique du Japon. Sous la dir. d'Iwao Seiichi, puis Iyanaga Teizõ, puis Ishii Susumu; adapt, du japonais. Tôkyô: Librairie Kinokuniya: Maison franco-japonaisc; Paris: diff. PUF, 1963–1995. 20 vol., íà ñàìîì äåëå ïðåäñòàâëÿþùåå ñîáîé íåèñ÷åðïàåìûé è íåçàìåíèìûé èñòî÷íèê òî÷íûõ ñâåäåíèé íà ôðàíöóçñêîì ÿçûêå.
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